Name: 
 

Unit 7: Animal Physiology


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Which of the following ideas is not consistent with our understanding of animal structure?
a.
The environment imposes similar problems on all animals.
b.
The evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its environment.
c.
All but the simplest animals demonstrate the same hierarchical levels of organization.
d.
Different animals contain fundamentally different categories of tissues.
e.
Short-term adjustments to environmental changes are mediated by physiological organ systems.
 

 2. 
Which of the following tissues lines the kidney tubules?
a.
connective
b.
smooth muscle
c.
nervous
d.
epithelial
e.
adipose
 

 3. 
Matrices of connective tissue include all of the following except
a.
chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.
b.
actin and myosin of muscle.
c.
plasma of blood.
d.
hydroxyapatite of bone.
e.
more than one of the above
 

 4. 
The most significant single factor in preventing you from being able to run for a full 24 hours without stopping is the
a.
changes in blood pressure that accompany extended periods of exercise.
b.
circadian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle.
c.
basal metabolic rate exceeding the amount of ATP available.
d.
lack of sustainable levels of cellular respiration.
e.
type of muscle fibers.
 

 5. 
Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his spouse, who turns down her control. This chills the husband, who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example of
a.
negative feedback.
b.
positive feedback.
c.
homeostasis.
d.
regulated change.
e.
integrated control.
 

 6. 
Which organism is ectothermic and has little behavioral ability to adjust its body temperature?
a.
lizard
b.
sea star
c.
bluefin tuna
d.
hummingbird
e.
winter moth
 
 
Match the terms below to the following questions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all
A.
ectothermy
B.
endothermy
C.
evaporation
D.
torpor
E.
thermogenesis
 

 7. 
fur and feathers
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 8. 
An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its energy as
a.
proteins.
b.
minerals.
c.
carbohydrates.
d.
amino acids.
e.
fats.
 

 9. 
Which of the following vitamins is incorrectly associated with its use?
a.
vitamin C—synthesis of connective tissue
b.
vitamin A—incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye
c.
vitamin D—calcium absorption and bone formation
d.
vitamin E—protection of membrane phospholipids from oxidation
e.
vitamin K—production of red blood cells
 

 10. 
Intracellular digestion is usually immediately preceded by which process?
a.
hydrolysis
b.
endocytosis
c.
absorption
d.
elimination
e.
secretion
 

 11. 
Which of the following statements about pepsin is true? Pepsin
a.
is manufactured by the pancreas.
b.
helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
c.
splits maltose into monosaccharides.
d.
begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
e.
is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.
 
 
The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in the figure below.

unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0140000.jpg
 

 12. 
Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?
a.
3
b.
4
c.
5
d.
7
e.
8
 

 13. 
In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?
a.
carnivores
b.
herbivores
c.
autotrophs
d.
heterotrophs
e.
omnivores
 

 14. 
Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have
a.
an open circulatory system.
b.
a closed circulatory system.
c.
a gastrovascular cavity.
d.
branched tracheae.
e.
hemolymph.
 

 15. 
Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
a.
amphibians
b.
birds
c.
fishes
d.
mammals
e.
reptiles
 

 16. 
A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min. This person's cardiac output per minute will be
a.
500 mL.
b.
1,000 mL.
c.
1,750 mL.
d.
2,800 mL.
e.
4,800 mL.
 

 17. 
Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80?
I.
The systolic pressure is 130.
II.
The diastolic pressure is 80.
III.
The blood pressure during heart contraction is 80.
a.
I only
b.
III only
c.
I and II only
d.
II and III only
e.
I, II, and III
 
 
The following phrases refer to the five terms below. Each term can be used as an answer once, more than once, or not at all.

A.
low-density lipoproteins
B.
immunoglobulins
C.
erythropoietin
D.
epinephrine
E.
platelets
 

 18. 
stimulates the production of red blood cells
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 19. 
If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the
a.
right atrium.
b.
pulmonary vein.
c.
alveolus.
d.
trachea.
e.
right ventricle.
 

 20. 
Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs?
a.
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
b.
The residual volume of the lungs decreases.
c.
The diaphragm contracts.
d.
The epiglottis closes.
e.
The rib cage expands.
 

 21. 
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in
a.
the partial pressure of oxygen.
b.
the partial pressure of carbon monoxide.
c.
hemoglobin concentration.
d.
temperature.
e.
pH.
 

 22. 
Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?
a.
the mucous membranes that cover their surface
b.
the secretion of complement proteins
c.
the release of slightly acidic secretions
d.
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface
e.
interferons produced by immune cells
 

 23. 
Which of the following is a false statement about innate immunity?
a.
They include inflammatory responses.
b.
They include physical and chemical barriers.
c.
They must be primed by the presence of antigen.
d.
They may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes.
e.
Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process.
 

 24. 
If a person's bone marrow were destroyed by radiation, which of the following cells could not be produced?
a.
B cells
b.
T cells
c.
erythrocytes
d.
neutrophils
e.
all of the above
 

 25. 
Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells?
a.
B cell contact antigen unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290000.jpg helper T cell is activated unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290001.jpg clonal selection occurs
b.
body cell becomes infected with a virus unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290002.jpg synthesis of new viral proteins unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290003.jpg class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
c.
self-tolerance of immune cells unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290004.jpg B cells contact antigen unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290005.jpg cytokines released
d.
complement cells unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290006.jpg B cell contacts antigen unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290007.jpg helper T cell activated unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290008.jpg cytokines released
e.
cytotoxic T cells unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290009.jpg class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290010.jpg cytokines released unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0290011.jpg cell lysis
 

 26. 
What happens to people who receive flu vaccinations?
a.
They develop active immunity to the flu.
b.
They develop passive immunity to the flu.
c.
They have immunity to smallpox infection.
d.
They have an increased number of natural killer (NK) cells.
e.
They develop a hypersensitive humoral immune response.
 
 
Use the data below to answer the following questions..
 
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Mother
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310000.jpg
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310001.jpg
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310002.jpg
Fetus
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310003.jpg
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310004.jpg
unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0310005.jpg
 

 27. 
In which of the cases would the precaution likely be taken to give the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby?
a.
case 1 only
b.
case 3 only
c.
cases 1 and 2 only
d.
cases 1, 2, and 3
e.
It cannot be determined from the data given.
 

 28. 
A patient reports severe symptoms of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift. A reasonable initial treatment would involve the use of
a.
a vaccine.
b.
complement.
c.
sterile pollen.
d.
antihistamines.
e.
monoclonal antibodies.
 

 29. 
Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
a.
loss of water through the gills
b.
gain of salt through the gills
c.
loss of water in the urine
d.
no drinking of water
e.
gain of water through food
 

 30. 
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a.
storage of glycogen
b.
secretion of urea
c.
production of plasma proteins
d.
removal of glucose from the blood
e.
detoxification of chemical poisons in the blood
 

 31. 
Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is incorrectly paired with its corresponding animal?
a.
metanephridium-earthworm
b.
Malpighian tubule-insect
c.
kidney-frog
d.
flame bulb-snake
e.
direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate
 
 
Refer to the figure below, a diagram of a renal tubule, to answer the following questions.

unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0370000.jpg
 

 32. 
In which region would filtration occur?
a.
I
b.
III
c.
IV
d.
V
e.
VII
 

 33. 
In a laboratory experiment with three groups, one group of people drinks pure water, a second group drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. At the end of the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which group the least?
a.
beer the most, salt solution the least
b.
salt solution the most, water the least
c.
water the most, beer the least
d.
beer the most, water the least
e.
There will be no significant difference between these groups.
 

 34. 
Which statement is true about marine fishes?
a.
Compared to marine fishes, freshwater fishes have fewer glomeruli.
b.
The kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine.
c.
Marine fishes lack proximal tubules.
d.
Marine fishes secrete uric acid to conserve water.
e.
Their kidneys produce filtrate at high rates.
 

 35. 
The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. If this mechanism works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact?
a.
An increase in A produces an increase in X.
b.
An increase in X produces a decrease in A.
c.
A decrease in A produces an increase in X.
d.
A and B are correct.
e.
B and C are correct.
 

 36. 
Prostaglandins are local regulators whose basic structure is derived from
a.
oligosaccharides.
b.
fatty acids.
c.
steroids.
d.
amino acids.
e.
both A and B
 

 37. 
Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect?
a.
It functions as an endocrine gland.
b.
It is part of the central nervous system.
c.
It is subject to feedback inhibition by certain hormones.
d.
It secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads.
e.
Its neurosecretory cells terminate in the posterior pituitary.
 

 38. 
Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
a.
thyroxine
b.
epinephrine
c.
growth hormone
d.
calcitonin
e.
glucagon
 
 
Refer to the list of hormones below to answer the following questions. Each hormone may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A.
ecdysone
B.
glucagon
C.
thyroxine
D.
oxytocin
E.
growth hormone
 

 39. 
stimulates and maintains metabolic processes
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 40. 
Synthetic versions of which of the following hormones are being used as insecticides to prevent insects from maturing into reproducing adults?
a.
ecdysone
b.
juvenile hormone
c.
oxytocin
d.
brain hormone
e.
prothoracic hormone
 

 41. 
Why do genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones?
a.
The haploid mutations of asexually reproducing organisms are passed to all of their offspring.
b.
Asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction.
c.
Sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time.
d.
More genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually.
e.
Asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually.
 

 42. 
What advantage does internal fertilization have compared with external fertilization?
a.
Usually many offspring are produced, ensuring survival of the species.
b.
The time and energy devoted to reproduction is decreased.
c.
The smaller number of offspring often receive a greater amount of parental protection.
d.
The increased survival rate results in rapid population increases.
e.
Usually a smaller number of genes are present, which promotes genetic stability.
 

 43. 
Where are human sperm cells produced?
a.
prostate gland
b.
vas deferens
c.
the seminiferous tubules of the testes
d.
epididymis
e.
Sertoli cells
 

 44. 
Which of these is a male primary sex characteristic?
a.
deepening of the voice
b.
facial and pubic hair
c.
increased muscle growth
d.
development of external reproductive structures
e.
both B and D
 

 45. 
What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?
a.
menstrual, ovulation, and luteal
b.
follicular, luteal, and secretory
c.
menstrual, proliferative, and secretory
d.
follicular, ovulation, and luteal
e.
proliferative, luteal, and ovulation
 

 46. 
Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action?
a.
GnRH-controls release of FSH and LH
b.
estrogen-responsible for primary and secondary female sex characteristics
c.
human chorionic gonadotropin-maintains secretions from the corpus luteum
d.
luteinizing hormone-stimulates ovulation
e.
progesterone-stimulates follicles to develop
 

 47. 
A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. This is most likely a problem of
a.
morphogenesis.
b.
cell differentiation.
c.
histogenesis.
d.
preformation.
e.
fertilization.
 

 48. 
In some rare all-female salamander species, the females require the sperm from males of another species. However, the developing embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for
a.
morphogenesis.
b.
epigenesis.
c.
egg activation.
d.
cell differentiation.
e.
the creation of a diploid cell.
 

 49. 
What would be the consequence if gastrulation did not occur?
a.
Cleavage would not occur in the zygote.
b.
Embryonic germ layers would not form.
c.
Fertilization would be blocked.
d.
The blastula would not be formed.
e.
The blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole.
 
 
Use the information below to answer the following question.

In a study of the development of frog embryos, several early gastrulas were stained with vital dyes. The locations of the dyes after gastrulation were noted. The results are shown in the following table.

Tissue
Stain
Brain
red
Notochord
yellow
Liver
green
Lens of the eye
blue
Lining of the digestive tract
purple
 

 50. 
The endoderm was probably stained with which color?
a.
red and yellow
b.
yellow and green
c.
green and purple
d.
blue and yellow
e.
purple and red
 

 51. 
The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of cells narrower and longer, is
a.
convergent extension.
b.
induction.
c.
elongational streaming.
d.
bi-axial elongation.
e.
blastomere formation.
 

 52. 
Which of the following is not involved in positional information for pattern formation?
a.
apical ectodermal ridge
b.
zone of polarizing activity
c.
cadherins
d.
fibroblast growth factors
e.
Sonic hedgehog
 

 53. 
Where is the most likely location of a group of nerve cell bodies known as a ganglion?
a.
in the central nervous system
b.
in the peripheral nervous system
c.
anywhere in the nervous system
d.
within the brain
e.
within the spinal cord
 
 
Refer to the information below to answer the following questions.

A previously unknown organism has been discovered. It contains long cells with excitable membranes that scientists suspect are used for rapid information transfer. The membrane of the cell is permeable only to ion X, which carries a negative charge. Active transport pumps in the membrane move X into the cell while simultaneously moving ion Y, also carrying a negative charge, out of the cell.
 

 54. 
Which of the following is true about the establishment of the resting membrane potential in this cell?
a.
The resting potential of this cell will be zero.
b.
The resting potential of this cell will be negative.
c.
A negative resting potential is directly produced by the pump moving a negative charge into the cell.
d.
A negative resting potential is directly produced by the diffusion of Y– into the cell.
e.
A positive resting potential is directly produced by the diffusion of X– out of the cell.
 
 
For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in the figure below and use the letters to indicate your answer.

unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0640000.jpg
 

 55. 
The sodium gates open.
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 56. 
A drug might act as a stimulant of the somatic nervous system if it
a.
makes the membrane permanently impermeable to sodium.
b.
stimulates the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft.
c.
increases the release of substances that cause the hyperpolarization of the neurons.
d.
increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine.
e.
increases the sensitivity of the presynaptic membrane to acetylcholine.
 
 
Refer to the following choices of neurotransmitters below to answer the following questions. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A.
acetylcholine
B.
epinephrine
C.
endorphin
D.
serotonin
E.
GABA
 

 57. 
contains regions that help regulate hunger and thirst
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 58. 
If you were writing an essay, which part of the brain would be most active?
a.
temporal and frontal lobes
b.
parietal lobe
c.
Broca's area
d.
Wernicke's area
e.
occipital lobe
 
 
Refer to the figure below to answer the following questions.

unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0700000.jpg
 

 59. 
Axons are pulled toward the midline by binding to molecules on the floor plate.
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 60. 
Why are we able to differentiate tastes and smells?
a.
The action potentials initiated by taste receptors are transmitted to a separate region of the brain than those initiated by receptors for smell.
b.
The sensory region of the cerebral cortex distinguishes something we taste from something we smell by the difference in the action potential.
c.
The brain distinguishes between taste, arising from interoreceptors, from smell arising from exteroreceptors.
d.
Because we are able to see what we are tasting, the brain uses this information to distinguish taste from smell.
e.
Taste receptors are able to detect fewer molecules of the stimulus, which means these receptors will initiate a receptor potential before smell receptors do.
 
 
Refer to the diagram of the ear in the figure below to answer the following questions.

unit7_animal_physiology_files/i0730000.jpg
 

 61. 
Which structure(s) is (are) involved in equilibrium?
a.
2, 3, and 4
b.
2, 5, and 7
c.
4
d.
5
e.
7 and 8
 

 62. 
Which statement below about taste receptors in humans is incorrect?
a.
Each type of taste receptor can only be stimulated by a particular type of substance.
b.
Taste receptors are modified epithelial cells organized into taste buds.
c.
Depolarization in taste receptors causes the cells to release neurotransmitter onto a sensory neuron.
d.
There are five categories of taste perceptions associated with taste receptors.
e.
Transduction in taste receptors occurs by several different mechanisms.
 

 63. 
The axons of rods and cones synapse with
a.
ganglion cells.
b.
horizontal cells.
c.
amacrine cells.
d.
bipolar cells.
e.
lateral cells.
 

 64. 
What are animals with hydrostatic skeletons able to do that animals with exoskeletons or internal skeletons cannot do?
a.
elongate
b.
crawl
c.
live in aquatic environments
d.
grow without replacing their skeleton
e.
A, B, and D
 

 65. 
What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?
a.
break the cross-bridges as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP
b.
bind to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites
c.
transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction
d.
spread the action potential through the T tubules
e.
reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential
 

 66. 
Which of the following could be associated with peristalsis?
a.
hydrostatic skeletons and smooth muscle
b.
hydrostatic skeletons and movement in earthworms
c.
smooth muscle and contractions along the human digestive tract causing movement of the contents within
d.
A and C only
e.
A, B, and C
 



 
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