Name: 
 

Unit 5: Biological Diversity


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Which putative early Earth condition did Miller and Urey's experimental apparatus not attempt to simulate directly?
a.
presence of water vapor
b.
intense lightning storms
c.
warm seas
d.
intense UV bombardment
e.
reducing atmosphere
 

 2. 
How many half-lives should have elapsed if 12.5% of the parent isotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
 

 3. 
At the time when Earth's atmosphere was becoming increasingly oxidizing, which reaction could have helped to prevent damage to oxygen-sensitive enzymes and structures. In which prokaryotes might such a reaction have been expected to occur? (Note: these reactions are not balanced.)
a.
e- + H+ + O2 unit5_diversity_files/i0040000.jpg H2O, alpha proteobacteria
b.
e- + H+ + S unit5_diversity_files/i0040001.jpg H2S, non-purple sulfur bactria
c.
e- + H+ + CO2 unit5_diversity_files/i0040002.jpg H2CO3, obligate anaerobes
d.
H2O unit5_diversity_files/i0040003.jpg e- + H+ + O2, cyanobacteria
e.
H2S unit5_diversity_files/i0040004.jpg e- + H+ + S, purple sulfur bacteria
 

 4. 
Which genetic process requires one cell or structure to lose genetic material to another cell or structure to which it was not previously genetically identical?
1.
binary fission
2.
mitosis
3.
bacterial conjugation
4.
horizontal gene transfer
a.
1 only
b.
3 only
c.
1 and 2
d.
1 and 3
e.
3 and 4
 

 5. 
If two continental land masses converge and are united during continental drift, then the collision should bring about
a.
a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat.
b.
the extinction of species adapted to intertidal and coastal habitats.
c.
an overall increase in the surface area located in the continental interior.
d.
an increase in climatic extremes in the interior of the new supercontinent.
e.
all of the above
 
 
The following questions refer to the list below, which uses the five-kingdom classification system.
1.
Plantae
2.
Fungi
3.
Animalia
4.
Protista
5.
Monera
 

 6. 
Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
 

 7. 
Which of the following have been present in Earth's living organisms for the least amount of evolutionary time?
a.
enzymes that catalyze glycolysis
b.
photosystems I and II
c.
cell walls
d.
nuclei
e.
genes composed of DNA
 

 8. 
About half of all prokaryotes are capable of directional movement. The following statements are all true of such directional movement except that
a.
it may occur via flagellar action.
b.
it should not occur among the archaea.
c.
internal helical filaments with basal motors can drive this movement.
d.
it should occur in response to negative phototaxis in photosynthetic prokaryotes.
e.
it may occur via gliding along a thread of "slime" secreted by filamentous forms.
 
 
Use the list below of types of bacterial metabolism to answer the following questions. Pick the term that best matches the statement. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A.
photoautotrophs
B.
photoheterotrophs
C.
chemoautotrophs
D.
chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition
E.
parasitic chemoheterotrophs
 

 9. 
responsible for many human diseases
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 10. 
Modes of obtaining nutrition, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following except
a.
chemoautotrophy.
b.
photoautotrophy.
c.
heteroautotrophy.
d.
chemoheterotrophy.
e.
photoheterotrophy.
 

 11. 
Prokaryotic organisms have recently been divided into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea. This division is based on characteristics such as
a.
differences in cell wall composition.
b.
differences in their initiator amino acid for start of protein synthesis.
c.
presence or absence of histones.
d.
B and C only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 12. 
What two features do mycoplasmas and nanoarchaeotes have in common, despite belonging to different domains? They
1.
lack peptidoglycan.
2.
lack nucleoid regions.
3.
have relatively small genomes.
4.
lack plasma membranes.
5.
are bacteria.
a.
1 and 2
b.
1 and 3
c.
2 and 3
d.
2 and 4
e.
3 and 5
 

 13. 
Symbiosis is common among prokaryotes, and probably has been for billions of years. Which of the following does not represent a known prokaryotic symbiosis?
a.
Some prokaryotes are pathogenic.
b.
Bacteria on skin and mucous membranes can control the abundance of pathogenic microbes by outcompeting these microbes.
c.
Bacteria are directly required for the pollination of some plants.
d.
Bacteria in the human intestine produce essential vitamins.
e.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabit root nodules of leguminous plants.
 

 14. 
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ____, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.
a.
unable to fix carbon dioxide
b.
antibiotic resistant
c.
unable to fix nitrogen
d.
unable to synthesize peptidoglycan
e.
deficient in certain vitamins
 

 15. 
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
a.
from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism
b.
from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes
c.
by tertiary endosymbiosis
d.
from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
e.
when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont
 

 16. 
Assuming that all of the flagella found among the various types of protists require the same amount of ATP per unit time to operate, and assuming that all of an individual protist's flagella are in use simultaneously, then which of these protists should use the greatest amount of ATP per unit time to move about?
a.
Chlamydomonas
b.
dinoflagellates
c.
euglenids
d.
diplomonads
e.
golden algae
 

 17. 
When a protist possesses two flagella, both are generally used for propulsion. Assuming that a flagellum containing a crystalline rod cannot undulate back and forth, and assuming that two undulatory flagella can produce more effective locomotion than can a single flagellum, which of these organisms should have the least effective locomotion?
a.
golden algae
b.
dinoflagellates
c.
euglenids
d.
Chlamydomonas
e.
oomycetes
 

 18. 
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins?
1.
Plasmodium
2.
Trichomonas
3.
Paramecium
4.
Trypanosoma
5.
Entamoeba
a.
1 and 2
b.
1 and 4
c.
2 and 3
d.
2 and 4
e.
4 and 5
 

 19. 
Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?
a.
kinetoplastids;-slender pseudopodia
b.
plasmodial slime molds-flagellated stages
c.
apicomplexans-parasitic
d.
gymnamoebas-calcium carbonate shell
e.
foraminiferans-abundant in soils
 

 20. 
Which statement regarding resistance is false?
a.
Many of the oomycetes that cause late potato blight have become resistant to pesticides.
b.
Many of the mosquitoes that transmit malaria to humans have become resistant to pesticides.
c.
Many of the malarial parasites have become resistant to antimalarial drugs.
d.
Many humans have become resistant to antimalarial drugs.
e.
Trichomonas vaginalis is resistant to the normal acidity of the human vagina.
 

 21. 
A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?
a.
dinoflagellate
b.
diatom
c.
gymnamoeba
d.
foraminiferan
e.
slime mold
 

 22. 
Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze of the deep-ocean floor?
a.
forams
b.
dinoflagellates
c.
radiolarians
d.
ciliates
e.
apicomplexans
 

 23. 
What provides the best rationale for not classifying the slime molds as fungi? Their
a.
SSU-rRNA sequences.
b.
nutritional modes.
c.
choice of habitats.
d.
physical appearance.
e.
reproductive methods.
 

 24. 
Members of the green algae often differ from members of the plant kingdom in that some green algae
a.
are heterotrophs.
b.
are unicellular.
c.
have chlorophyll a.
d.
store carbohydrates as starch.
e.
have cell walls containing cellulose.
 

 25. 
Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts?
a.
bryophyte tissues of the gametophyte generation
b.
diploid tissues of charophyceans
c.
spore-producing tissues of all land plants
d.
tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses
e.
the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes
 

 26. 
The figure below indicates varying cellulose contents among five different organisms. You are given five samples (A-E) of equal dry weights of a brown alga, a red alga, a marine green alga, a land plant, and a charophycean. Chemical analysis reveals the cellulose contents shown here. Which samples are probably from streptophytes?

unit5_diversity_files/i0290000.jpg

a.
samples A and C
b.
samples C and D
c.
samples B and E
d.
samples, A, C, and D
e.
There is not enough information to tell.
 

 27. 
The following are all adaptations to life on land except
a.
rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
b.
cuticles.
c.
tracheids.
d.
reduced gametophyte generation.
e.
seeds.
 

 28. 
The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except
a.
external water is required for fertilization.
b.
flagellated sperm are produced.
c.
antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
d.
gametes are directly produced by meiosis.
e.
gametophytes germinate from spores.
 

 29. 
All things being equal, except the number of sporangia initially present, which of the following land plants should be most able to continue producing spores following an episode of herbivory that leaves the plant alive?
a.
club moss
b.
horsetail
c.
whisk fern
d.
moss sporophyte
e.
hornwort sporophyte
 

 30. 
Which of the following types of plants would not have been present in the forests that became coal deposits?
a.
horsetails
b.
lycophytes
c.
pine trees
d.
tree ferns
e.
whisk ferns
 

 31. 
Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance?
1.
charophyceans
2.
single-celled green algae
3.
hornworts
4.
plants with a dominant sporophyte
a.
1, 3, 2, 4
b.
3, 1, 2, 4
c.
2, 1, 3, 4
d.
3, 2, 4, 1
e.
2, 4, 1, 3
 

 32. 
All of the following cellular structures are found in cells of angiosperm and gymnosperm gametophytes except
a.
haploid nuclei.
b.
mitochondria.
c.
cell walls.
d.
chloroplasts.
e.
peroxisomes.
 

 33. 
Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?
a.
a different type of sporopollenin
b.
an internal reservoir of liquid water
c.
integument(s)
d.
ability to be dispersed
e.
waxy cuticle
 

 34. 
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1.
sporophyte
2.
microspores
3.
microsporangia
4.
pollen cone
5.
pollen nuclei
a.
1, 4, 3, 2, 5
b.
1, 4, 2, 3, 5
c.
1, 2, 3, 5, 4
d.
4, 1, 2, 3, 5
e.
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
 

 35. 
A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and a cell wall made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, all of the following would provide useful information except whether or not the plant has
a.
endosperm.
b.
seeds.
c.
flagellated sperm.
d.
flowers.
e.
spores.
 
 
For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them.

A.
male gametophyte
B.
female gametophyte
C.
male sporophyte
D.
female sporophyte
 

 36. 
fruit
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
 

 37. 
Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

1.
ovary
2.
ovule
3.
egg
4.
carpel
5.
embryo sac
a.
4, 2, 1, 5, 3
b.
4, 5, 2, 1, 3
c.
5, 4, 3, 1, 2
d.
5, 1, 4, 2, 3
e.
4, 1, 2, 5, 3
 
 
For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E).

A.
animal skin, fur, or feathers
B.
animal digestive tract
C.
water currents
D.
gravity and terrain
E.
air currents
 

 38. 
The fruit contains an air bubble.
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 39. 
Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except
a.
observing which plants sick animals seek out.
b.
observing which plants are the most used food plants.
c.
observing which plants animals do not eat.
d.
collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis.
e.
asking local people which plants they use as medicine.
 

 40. 
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by the ____ of certain animal cells, and by the ____ of certain plant cells.
a.
desmosomes; tonoplasts
b.
gap junctions; plasmodesmata
c.
tight junctions; plastids
d.
centrioles; plastids
e.
flagella; central vacuoles
 

 41. 
If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single mature ascospore of this species should contain ____ ng of DNA, carried on a total of ____ chromosomes.
a.
100; 7
b.
100; 14
c.
200; 7
d.
200; 14
e.
400; 14
 

 42. 
Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell?
a.
It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time.
b.
It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate.
c.
It should be transcriptionally less active.
d.
It should have reduced motility.
e.
It should have a smaller nucleus.
 

 43. 
What are the sporangia of bread molds?
a.
asexual structures that produce haploid spores
b.
asexual structures that produce diploid spores
c.
sexual structures that produce haploid spores
d.
sexual structures that produce diploid spores
e.
vegetative structures with no role in reproduction
 

 44. 
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
a.
mosses.
b.
cyanobacteria.
c.
green algae.
d.
either A or B
e.
either B or C
 

 45. 
At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
a.
fertilization
b.
cleavage
c.
gastrulation
d.
organogenesis
e.
metamorphosis
 

 46. 
If one encounters the deepest stratum in which aquatic and flying reptiles can be found, then one has likely found a stratum that was laid during which era?
a.
Mesozoic
b.
Paleozoic
c.
Cenozoic
d.
Neoproterozoic
e.
Precambrian
 
 
The figure below shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.

unit5_diversity_files/i0520000.jpg
 

 47. 
Which group consists of deuterostomes?
a.
I
b.
II
c.
III
d.
IV
e.
V
 

 48. 
Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa?
a.
I
b.
II
c.
III
d.
IV
e.
V
 

 49. 
Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity?
a.
Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury.
b.
Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall.
c.
The cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
d.
A and C only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 50. 
What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
a.
the deuterostome condition
b.
some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering
c.
a pseudocoelom
d.
agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion
e.
the diploblastic condition
 
 
The following questions refer to the Figure A below (morphological) and Figure B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom.

unit5_diversity_files/i0570000.jpg

A. MORPHOLOGICAL

unit5_diversity_files/i0570001.jpg

B. MOLECULAR
 

 51. 
Which two phyla below are most closely related to each other in both phylogenies?
a.
Annelida and Arthropoda
b.
Echinodermata and Chordata
c.
Arthropoda and Nematoda
d.
Mollusca and Platyhelminthes
e.
Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda
 

 52. 
In the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges, one is likely to observe (at one time or another) all of the following except
a.
amoebocytes.
b.
spicules.
c.
spongin.
d.
zygotes.
e.
choanocytes.
 

 53. 
In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte?
a.
amoebocyte
b.
choanocyte
c.
gamete
d.
epidermal cell
e.
pore cell
 

 54. 
Which class of the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to box-like) medusae?
a.
Hydrozoa
b.
Scyphozoa
c.
Anthozoa
d.
Cubozoa
e.
Both A and C are referred to as "jellies."
 

 55. 
Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?
a.
dorsoventrally flattened bodies
b.
flame cells
c.
radial symmetry
d.
a digestive system with a single opening
e.
both A and D
 

 56. 
A lophophore is used by ectoprocts, phoronids, and brachiopods
a.
for locomotion.
b.
at a larval stage.
c.
for feeding.
d.
for sensory reception.
e.
as a skeletal system.
 

 57. 
A radula is present in members of which class(es)?
a.
Gastropoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
A and B only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 58. 
Which of the following is not found in annelids?
a.
a hydrostatic skeleton
b.
segmentation
c.
a digestive system with separate mouth and anus
d.
a closed circulatory system
e.
a cuticle made of chitin
 

 59. 
The heartworms that can accumulate within the heart of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?
a.
Platyhelminthes
b.
Arthropoda
c.
Nematoda
d.
Phoronida
e.
Annelida
 

 60. 
While working in your garden, you discover a worm-like, segmented animal with two pairs of jointed legs per segment. The animal is probably a
a.
millipede.
b.
caterpillar.
c.
centipede.
d.
polychaete worm.
e.
sow bug.
 

 61. 
What is true of echinoderms?
a.
They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates.
b.
Tube feet provide motility in most species.
c.
They have a pseudocoelom.
d.
Only A and B are true.
e.
A, B, and C are true.
 

 62. 
Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?
a.
The extant cephalochordates are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates.
b.
The first fossils resembling cephalochordates appeared in the fossil record around 550 million years ago.
c.
Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that cephalochordates are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates.
d.
The extant cephalochordates are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.
e.
Cephalochordates display the same method of swimming as do fishes.
 

 63. 
A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?
a.
legs
b.
no jaws
c.
an amniotic egg
d.
metamorphosis
e.
endothermy
 

 64. 
The exoskeletons of marine arthropods are made of calcified ____, and the endoskeletons of vertebrates are mostly composed of calcified ____.
a.
cartilage; cartilage
b.
silica; bone
c.
chitin; silica
d.
dentin; enamel
e.
chitin; cartilage
 

 65. 
There is evidence that bony fishes (osteichthyans) originally evolved
a.
in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans.
b.
directly from lampreys and hagfish.
c.
early in the Cambrian period.
d.
directly from cephalochordates.
e.
in freshwater environments.
 

 66. 
A trend in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was
a.
the appearance of jaws.
b.
the appearance of bony vertebrae.
c.
feet with digits.
d.
the mineralization of the endoskeleton.
e.
the ability to move in a fish-like manner.
 

 67. 
Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
a.
Cenozoic
b.
Mesozoic
c.
Paleozoic
d.
Precambrian
e.
Cambrian
 
 
Refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in the figure below to answer the following questions.

unit5_diversity_files/i0750000.jpg
 

 68. 
Whose DNA would have had the most sequence homologies with amphibian DNA?
a.
5
b.
6
c.
7
d.
8
e.
9
 

 69. 
Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following?
a.
avian feathers
b.
reptilian scales
c.
mammalian hair
d.
A and C only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 70. 
Which of the following classifications do not apply to both dogs and humans?
a.
class Mammalia
b.
order Primates
c.
phylum Chordata
d.
kingdom Animalia
e.
subphylum Vertebrata
 

 71. 
Which of the following are not considered hominoids?
a.
gibbons
b.
gorillas
c.
rhesus monkeys
d.
orangutans
e.
chimpanzees
 
 
Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A)
hominoids
B)
Homo
C)
anthropoids
D)
hominids
E)
primates
 

 72. 
Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 



 
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